All About English History

A short history of the origins and development of English:

The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived.

Old English (450-1100 AD)
The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.

Middle English (1100-1500)
An example of Middle English by Chaucer.
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.

Modern English
Early Modern English (1500-1800)

Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare.
Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
Late Modern English (1800-Present)
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).
Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.

DXN PRODUCTS

Product Gallery
DXN brings you a series of health products made of 100 % natural raw materials without any artificial preservatives, colourings or flavourings.The quality of DXN products is always given priority in every single step of production. The recognition of ISO 14001, ISO 9001, and TGA indicates that our products have attained international standards.

Health Food Supplement:

Reishi Gano (RG):
Reishi Gano (RG) is a kind of mushroom essence formulated from Ganoderma lucidum. It contains a wide variety of nutrients such as polysaccharides, adenosine, triterpenoids, protein and fibre.The applied Ganoderma lucidum is harvested from a 90-day old red mushroom. Comes in capsule and powder forms, daily intake of Reishi Gano (RG) helps in normalizing the entire body functions and maintains the healthy well being.

Packaging size: - 30, 90 and 360 capsules - 15g powder/ bottle

RG & GL Powder:
In this newer form, RG and GL Powder can result in quick absorption into the body and help to speed up the healing process. Taking RG and GL powder with DXN Aquazeon Energy Water can increase absorption of RG and GL into the blood stream at a higher rate. This is a amzing product for all without any side effect.

ALL ABOUT DXN INTERNATIONAL

Company Background:
DXN is a multi-level marketing (MLM) company founded by Dato´ Dr. Lim Siow Jin in 1993. Based in Malaysia, the company is well known for its Ganoderma business. Its product lines include dietary supplements, food and beverages, personal care products, household products and water treatment system. On 30 September 2003, DXN Holdings Bhd. was listed on the Main Board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). DXN has built an in-house production line to process Ganoderma products combining advanced technology with Dato´ Dr. Lim´s medical theory of Ganoderma. DXN Pharmaceutical Sdn. Bhd is an integrated factory of 28, 000 square feet. This facility allows the quality maintenance and assurance under the strict supervision of the Quality Control team of DXN for the entire production procedure from cultivation, processing and packaging to marketing. DXN Pharmaceutical also ensures high production capacity to meet the ever-growing demand for DXN products as its membership growth accelerates worldwide. The rapid global expansion of DXN is recognized internationally by its vast growth of members worldwide and its amplification of footprint in key strategic locations.

DXN Founder:
DXN was founded by Dato´ Dr. Lim Siow Jin, a graduate from the famed Indian Institute of Technology. Dato´ Dr. Lim has a deep interest in mushrooms and their relationship with human health. To understand this relationship better, Dato´ Dr. Lim Siow Jin traveled far and wide in search of Lingzhi. After more than twenty years´ of research and scientific analysis, Dato´ Dr. Lim finally discovered Lingzhi - the herb that would benefit all mankind. Realizing the importance and the benefits of Lingzhi, Dato´ Dr. Lim Siow Jin began sharing his knowledge about this miraculous herb with his friends, who were greatly impressed with its medicinal value. However, Dato´ Dr. Lim Siow Jin didn´t stop there. He felt that he should form a company that would help more people to get to know and derive the benefits of this miraculous herb. In 1993, Dato´ Dr Lim´s dream came true when he established DXN.

DXN Concept:
ONE DRAGON: We undertake the entire process, from cultivation to processing to marketing.
ONE WORLD, ONE MARKET: Our distributors enjoy worldwide bonus with a single membership card.
ONE MIND: We focus on achieving our Global Vision and strive to help our distributors achieve this vision.

DXN - Head Office: DXN is a multi-level marketing (MLM) company founded by Dato´ Dr. Lim Siow Jin in 1993. Based in Malaysia, the company is well known for its Ganoderma business. Its product lines include dietary supplements, food and beverages, personal care products, household products and water treatment system. On 30 September 2003, DXN Holdings Bhd. was listed on the Main Board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). DXN has built an in-house production line to process Ganoderma products combining advanced technology with Dato´ Dr. Lim´s medical theory of Ganoderma. DXN Pharmaceutical Sdn. Bhd is an integrated factory of 28, 000 square feet. This facility allows the quality maintenance and assurance under the strict supervision of the Quality Control team of DXN for the entire production procedure from cultivation, processing and packaging to marketing. DXN Pharmaceutical also ensures high production capacity to meet the ever-growing demand for DXN products as its membership growth accelerates worldwide. The rapid global expansion of DXN is recognized internationally by its vast growth of members worldwide and its amplification of footprint in key strategic locations.

ABOUT IELTS:

What is IELTS:

IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is designed to assess the language ability of those who want to study or work where English is the language of communication. It conforms to the highest international standards of language assessment. International Recognition IELTS is recognised for course admission by universities in many countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the USA, the UK and increasingly in Germany and wider Europe.In the USA the IELTS Test is now recognised by more than 1000 institutions and new ones are constantly added to the list, of which you will always find the latest version.IELTS is also required as proof of your language abilities for immigration to Australia, New Zealand and Canada.

What does the test consist of:
The test is made up of four parts taken over the course of one day:
Listening: 40 minutes
Reading: 1 hour
Writing: 1 hour
Speaking: 15 minutes
Your language skills will be evaluated on a scale from 0 (non-user) to 9 (expert user).
Test ModulesYou can choose between the Academic and General Training Modules.
Choose the Academic Module if you want to go to university in an English speaking country or if you want to register with the General Medical Council or Dental Medical Council in the UK. If you wish to emigrate to Australia, New Zealand or Canada opt for the General Training Module. To make sure that you choose the module you need, please check with the institution you are doing the test for. It is your responsibility to choose the right Module.

Where can I take the test:

In Germany, you can take the test in the following cities: Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Freiburg, Hamburg, Hanover, Leipzig, Mannheim, Munich, Radolfzell and Stuttgart.

IELTS - how to register:
To register for IELTS, simply follow these five steps:
1. Application Form
2. Cancellation and Refunds Policy
Please note that the speaking test sometimes takes place on the Friday before the test date. This aplies to the following cities: Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Freiburg, Cologne, Mannheim, Munich and Stuttgart. You will be sent an email stating your appointment.

Complete the application form and enclose the following:
Two passport size colour photos (not older than 6 months)
A signed copy of the Cancellation and Refunds policy
A clear photocopy of your valid Passport or local Identity Card (Candidates, who are not EU nationals have to provide a copy of their passport)
Proof of payment (bank transfer receipt / online banking transfer receipt / bank statement)
Please transfer the test fee of €170 to the following account:
British Council Deutsche Bank Berlin BLZ 100 700 00 Kto. 4334439

IELTS Tips for Success:
How to improve your IELTS performance:
1. LISTENING
Read instructions carefully, don't just glance at them. They are not always the same as in practice or previous tests. Try and anticipate what the speaker will say. This requires concentration, easy in your own language, but more difficult in English. Remember if you want a high score you should aim to get all questions in parts one and two correct. Don't make any careless mistakes in the easier sections. Small errors can lead to low scores so be careful with your spelling at all times. Don't panic if you think the topic is too difficult or the speaker is too fast. Relax and tune in. Read, write and listen at the same time. Tricky, but practice well. Don't leave blanks.
2. READING
Leave a question if you can't answer. To spend a long time on one answer is disastrous. Go back later if you have time and guess if you have to. Don't panic if you don't know anything about the subject matter covered in the passage. All the answers are in the passage and you don't need any specialist knowledge. Remember you have no extra time to transfer your answers, many candidates think because they have extra time in listening they are able to do this in reading too. You can't. Before the exam, read as widely as possible (e.g. newspapers, magazines, journals). Don't limit yourself to one type of text and read articles with an academic style where possible. Look at the ways paragraphs are organised. Try and predict content of paragraphs from the opening sentence. Give every paragraph you read an imaginary heading. Don't concentrate on words you don't know. It wastes valuable time. Careless mistakes cost many marks. Copy the answer correctly if it is in the passage.
3. WRITING
Highlight/circle key words.
Clearly divide paragraphs.
Don't repeat ideas in a different way.
Stick to the topic.
Careful with timing - don't rush Task Two, it's longer and is worth more points.
Paragraph simply, with one idea in each paragraph.
Avoid informal language.
Learn to recognise how long 150 words looks in your handwriting. You don't really have time to count. Get used to always spending several minutes re-reading and correcting your essays. Don't memorise model answers, they won't fit the question and you will make more careless mistakes.
4. SPEAKING
It tests your ability to communicate effectively, not just your grammatical accuracy. Don't learn scripts of prepared answers. The examiner is trained to spot this and will change the question. Develop your answers as much as possible. Speak more than the examiner. Ask for clarification if necessary. Remember it is not a test of knowledge and there is no single answer, but ensure that you give your opinion. Don't worry if you feel it is not sophisticated enough. The areas covered are fairly predictable and not infinite so practise at home recording ideas onto a tape recorder.

About SAT:

What is SAT?
The SAT (technically known as the SAT I) is a general test of verbal and quantitative reasoning accepted for U. S. college admissions. The test is required for admission to undergraduate programs of most US universities. Many universities also require you to take SAT-II tests.
SAT-I : Reasoning TestThe SAT-I is a three hour, primarily multiple-choice test that measures verbal and mathematical reasoning abilities that develop over time. Most colleges require SAT-I scores for admission.
SAT-II : Subject TestsThe SAT-II subject tests are one hour, primarily multiple-choice tests that measure your knowledge of particular subjects and your ability to apply that knowledge. Many universities may require you to take this along with SAT-I.

Who administers the SAT?
The SAT is developed and administered by the US-based "College Entrance Examination Board". This implies that Collegeboard sets the questions, conducts the test, and sends each examinee the score report. In India, SAT is conducted at the following cities: Bangalore, Calcutta, Cochin, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kodaikanal, Mumbai, Mussoorie, New Delhi, and Pune.

SAT and Subject Tests:
Eligibility and Fees: Anyone and everyone interested is eligible for taking the SAT. The SAT test scores are valid for Five years, i.e., most universities accept scores up to five years old.
Test fees for SAT for Indian students:
SAT FEE:
SAT Reasoning Test Fee: $29.50
International processing fee: $20.00
Security surcharge to test in India & Pakistan: $20.00
Total Amount: $ 69.50
Late registration fee (If registering late, add this amount): $20.00
SAT Subject Tests:
Registration Fee: $17.00
International processing fee: $20.00
Security surcharge to test in India & Pakistan: $20.00
Writing Test (If taken): $17.00
Language Tests with Listening (If taken): $ 18.00
All other Subject Tests (per subject): $ 8.00 each Others
Late registration fee (If registering late, add this amount): $20.00
Mode of payment:
1. Credit Card - Visa, Mastercard or American Express

2. Bank Draft (Dollar Draft, not Indian Rupees)

3. Check Drawn on a U.S. Bank

4. United States Postal Service Money Order

5. International Money Order

6. UNESCO Coupon

7. Postal Reply Coupon

How to Apply?
There are three common ways of registering for SAT:
1. By mail: Obtain the "SAT Information Bulletin" available free with USEFI offices or from collegeboard website.Fill in the form, get the draft made (if you are not paying by credit card), and use the envelope provided with the form to mail these to:College Board SAT ProgramPrinceton, NJ 08541,USA
2. Online Registration (Credit Card required): Fill up the form online and mention your credit card number. This is the easiest way to register for SAT.
Content and Format of the SAT

SAT-I
The SAT-I is a three hour exam, divided into seven sections.
SAT-II: Subject Tests
Writing, Literature, American History and Social Studies, World History, Math IC, Math IIC, Biology, Biology E/M, Chemistry, Physics, Chinese Listening, French Reading, French Listening, German Reading, German Listening, Modern Hebrew, Italian, Japanese Listening, Korean Listening, Latin, Spanish Listening, Spanish Reading, English Language Proficiency

Reporting the Scores:
Collegeboard has the provision of reporting your SAT scores to a maximum of four universities of your choice, the cost of which is built into the SAT fee you pay. You have to mention the universities to which you want to send the scores in the SAT application form. This implies that even before taking the SAT, you need to do some homework on which universities you’re finally going to apply, based on the score that you expect to attain. For reporting to each additional university, the Collegeboard charges you $6.50 (approx. Rs. 280), payable by an international credit card or a dollar denominated draft.
The Scoring Pattern in SAT:
The SAT results comprise three different scores : a total score (400-1600), a separate score for Verbal section (200-800) and a separate score for Mathematics section (200-800).

EXTREEM EDUCATION

Welcome to Study in Europe
There are more than four thousand higher education institutions in Europe, from top-level research establishments to small, teaching-focused colleges. Europe itself is no less diverse, extending from the Arctic Circle to the coast of Africa, where tiny principalities sit side-by-side with many of the world’s leading economies.
A fascinating destination, but which country should you go to? Which university should you choose? What do you need before you leave? What will happen when you arrive? These are just some of the questions you’re probably asking yourself already.

Brief Information About Foriegn Tests:
GRE VS GMAT:
What is GMAT?

The GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is a required part of the admissions process for most business schools. Business schools will often state their requirements on the admissions page of their website. In addition, some graduate finance and economics programs use the GMAT. Since 1999, the GMAT has been available only as a CAT (computer-adaptive test) that adapts to your performance as you take the test.

What is GRE?

The GRE (Graduate Record Exam) is used by graduate school programs to assess applicants. Business school and law school applicants generally do not take the GRE. The GRE comes in several different forms: the subject tests (such as psychology or computer science) and the GRE General Exam. Check with the web sites of graduate schools to find out which tests they require for admissions.Since 1999, the GRE General Exam has been available only as a CAT (computer-adaptive test) that adapts to your performance as you take the test.

GRE scores vs. GMAT scores:

A GRE vs. GMAT score comparison is difficult, but in general the GMAT is the harder exam. Put side-by-side, the GMAT math and reading comprehension questions are more difficult for the comparable skill level. International students may find the GRE harder because of the vocabulary required. The question of GMAT or GRE will probably be determined by the requirements of the graduate programs. Virtually all major business schools require the GMAT as well as some graduate economics programs. The GRE is used for non-business related graduate programs.

About GRE:

The GRE (Graduate Record Examination) General Exam is a required test for most American graduate schools (except business schools, which require the GMAT, and law schools, which require the LSAT). The GRE consists of three multiple-choice sections, Quantitative, Analytical and Verbal, and a new essay section called the Writing Assessment, which is taken separately. High-scorers typically spend over 40 hours preparing.

Quantitative Section:

(Math Questions)28 questions Duration: 45 minutes
Verbal Section:

(Sentence Completion, Antonym, Reading Comprehension)30 questions

Duration: 30 minutes
Essay Questions (Writing Assessment): In the Writing Assessment section, you have to answer two essay questions. One essay asks you to present your opinion on an issue in 45 minutes, and the second asks you to analyze the reasoning of an argument in 30 minutes. The 800score GRE Prep Course includes a prep guide on the essay section.

What Skills Does the GRE Test:

The GRE primarily tests four skill sets:
Endurance and ability to focus
Basic knowledge of word usage, math, inductive and deductive reasoning
Test-taking skills: Ability to guess, work at an appropriate pace, and make decisions under pressure.
Problem-solving abilities: The 800score method is to focus on these skills that are necessary for both success on the GRE and in graduate school.As for endurance, the first skill, you'll have to stare at a screen intensely and focus for over three hours. Keep this in mind when taking practice tests. Get used to working for hours on end. The physical and mental exhaustion is part of the test's challenge. That's why we offer 5 GRE CAT practice tests. You should take as many practice CAT's as possible so as to learn the test and to get used to the grueling experience.The second skill set, a basic knowledge of reading comprehension, math, inductive and deductive reasoning, is covered in the later chapters of this online prep guide. No calculators are allowed on test day, so you need to practice doing basic math calculations by hand.General test-taking skills are covered in this chapter and throughout the online guide. Timing is a major part of test taking, particularly for the GRE CAT. Test Pacer system will teach you the pacing interactively.To improve your problem-solving abilities (the fourth skill set) we have extensive information on reasoning techniques and specific strategies. When you get a question wrong, make sure to review the conceptual error you made by reviewing our explanations for the question. You do not want to repeat the error. How to PrepareThe GRE is a difficult and unusual test. Budget at least 50 hours to prepare for the GRE so as to get your best possible score.

About GMAT:

The GMAT (Graduate Management Admissions Test) consists of two multiple-choice sections (Quantitative and Verbal) and an essay section called the Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA).

High-scorers typically spend over 40 hours preparing.
Quantitative Section:

37 questions75 minutesProblem Solving Questions (approx. 24 Questions)Data Sufficiency Questions (approx. 13 Questions)
Verbal Section:

41 questions75 minutesReading Comprehension (approx. 14 Questions)Sentence Correction (approx. 13 Questions)Critical Reasoning (approx. 14 Questions)
Essay Questions (Analytical Writing Assessment):The GMAT CAT begins with the two AWA questions. For each of these sections, you have thirty minutes to type an essay into the computer using a simple word-processing program. The essay sections are administered first, but the Quantitative and Verbal multiple-choice sections can appear in any order. If you want to practice these essays, we have 10 timed practice GMAT essay questions that you can send in for grading.

What Skills Does the GMAT Test?
The GMAT primarily tests four skills:
Endurance and ability to focus: You'llhave to stare at a screen intensely and focus for nearly four hours. Keep this in mind when taking practice tests. Get used to working for many hours on end. Learn how to relax. The physical and mental exhaustion is part of the test's challenge. That's why we offer GMAT CAT practice tests. You should take as many practice CATs as possible to learn the test and to get used to the grueling experience.
Basic knowledge of grammar, math, reasoning, and argument formation:

The second skill, a basic knowledge of grammar, math, reasoning, and argument formation, is covered in the later chapters of this online prep guide. No calculators are allowed on test day, so you need to practice doing basic math calculations
Test-taking skills: ability to guess, work at an appropriate pace, and make decisions under pressureThese skills are covered in this chapter and throughout the online guide. Timing is a major part of test-taking skill, particularly for the GMAT CAT. Test Pacer system will teach you the pacing interactively.
Problem-solving abilities: To improve your problem-solving abilities, the fourth skill, we have extensive information on reasoning techniques and math concepts throughout this online guide. When you get a question wrong, make sure to review our explanations so that you understand the conceptual error that you made in the question. You do not want to repeat the error.